Obesity has emerged as a significant global health concern, contributing to the increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders, including hypertension and dyslipidemia. Both conditions, hypertension and dyslipidemia, are major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, which are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The rising rates of obesity have triggered extensive research to understand its role in the development of these conditions. Studies have shown that obese individuals are more likely to have abnormal lipid profiles and elevated blood pressure compared to their non-obese counterparts [1]. This comparative study aims to examine the relationship between lipid profiles and blood pressure in obese versus non-obese individuals, providing valuable insights into the physiological and biochemical differences between these two groups. Obesity is characterized by an excess accumulation of body fat, typically defined by a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher [2]. It is well-established that obesity significantly impacts lipid metabolism, leading to altered levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and other lipoproteins [3]. Specifically, obesity is associated with an increase in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), all of which are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases [4]. Additionally, obesity is known to be a major contributing factor to the development of hypertension, a condition where the force of the blood against the arterial walls is consistently high [5]. The link between obesity and elevated blood pressure is thought to result from increased sympathetic nervous system activity, inflammation, and insulin resistance, which are often observed in obese individuals. In contrast, non-obese individuals tend to exhibit a more favorable lipid profile, with lower levels of LDL-C and triglycerides and higher levels of HDL-C [6]. Moreover, their blood pressure tends to remain within the normal range, reflecting healthier cardiovascular function. However, it is important to note that even within the non-obese population, there may be variations in lipid profiles and blood pressure levels due to other factors such as genetics, diet, physical activity, and comorbid conditions [7]. This comparative study will examine lipid profiles (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, and LDL-C) and blood pressure measurements in both obese and non-obese individuals. By exploring the differences in these parameters, the study seeks to identify the potential mechanisms by which obesity contributes to metabolic disturbances and cardiovascular risk. Additionally, this study may help to provide more targeted interventions for preventing or managing hypertension and dyslipidemia in obese individuals.

This cross-sectional study was conducted at Dept. of Physiology, Dinajpur Medical College Hospital, Dinajpur, Bangladesh from January 2023 to December 2023. The study included a total of 100 patients, aged 18 to 60 years, who were divided into two groups based on their Body Mass Index (BMI): • Obese group (n=50): Patients with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m². • Non-obese group (n=50): Patients with a BMI < 25 kg/m². Overnight fasting blood samples were collected and were analyzed for parameters like serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum HDL serum LDL & serum VLDL Individuals with a history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension or other significant chronic conditions were excluded from the study to avoid confounding factors. Selection Criteria Inclusion Criteria • Adults aged 18-60 years. • Able to provide written informed consent. • Classified as obese or non-obese based on BMI. Exclusion Criteria • Individuals with a history of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus or renal disorders. • Patients on lipid-lowering medications or antihypertensive. • Pregnant women. • Individuals with chronic inflammatory conditions or other significant comorbidities that may interfere with lipid metabolism or blood pressure. Blood Pressure Measurement: Blood pressure was measured using a calibrated mercury sphygmomanometer following a standardized procedure. The measurement was taken after the participant had rested for at least 5 minutes in a seated position. Three readings were recorded at 5-minutes intervals, and the average value was used for analysis. Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg, as per the American College of Cardiology guidelines (Whelton et al., 2018). Lipid Profile: A fasting blood sample was collected from each participant after a 12-hour fast. The lipid profile was analyzed at the laboratory using standard enzymatic methods. The following parameters were measured: • Total Cholesterol (TC) • Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) • High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) • Triglycerides (TG) The lipid values were classified according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines. Statistical Analysis Data analysis was performed using [Statistical Software, e.g., SPSS, Version 26]. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and frequency distribution were calculated for all continuous and categorical variables. Comparisons of lipid profile parameters and blood pressure between the obese and non-obese groups were made using independent t-tests (for continuous variables) or chi-square tests (for categorical variables). A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.